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Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 2nd Edition

Exercise 18: Understanding Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc Analyses

Week 4: Questions to Be Graded

1. Mayland et al. (2014) do not provide the degrees of freedom (df) in their study. Use the degrees of freedom formulas provided at the beginning of this exercise to calculate the group df and the error df.

The group df and the error df are

1. 1, 251
2. 2, 252
3. 3, 253
4. 4, 254

Answer:  Choose an item.

2. What is the F value and p value for spiritual need—patient?
3. 6 (<0.0001)
4. 1 (<0.0001)
5. 6 (<0.0001)
6. 7 (<0.0001)

Answer:  Choose an item.

What do these results mean?

1. This F result means there is a significant difference among the three groups
2. This F result means there is no significant difference among the three groups

Answer:  Choose an item.

3. What is the post hoc result for facilities for the hospital with LCP vs. the hospital without LCP (see Table 2)? Is this result statistically significant?

1. P=0.85, which is greater than α=0.05, not statistically significant.
2. P=0.86, which is greater than α=0.05, not statistically significant.
3. P=0.01, which is smaller than α=0.05, statistically significant.
4. P=0.01, which is smaller than α=0.05, not statistically significant.
5. P=0.05, which is not smaller than 0.05, not statistically significant

Answer:  Choose an item.

In your opinion, is this an expected finding?

Answer:  Choose an item.

4. What are the assumptions for use of ANOVA?

1. Normal distribution of the populations from which the samples were drawn or random samples, groups should be mutually exclusive, groups should have equal variance or homogeneity of variance, indepen­dence of observations, and dependent variable is measured at the interval or ratio level
2. Normal distribution of the populations from which the samples were drawn or random samples, groups should have equal variance or homogeneity of variance, indepen­dence of observations, and dependent variable is measured at the interval or ratio level
3. Normal distribution of the populations from which the samples were drawn or random samples, indepen­dence of observations, and dependent variable is measured at the interval or ratio level
4. None of the above

Answer:  Choose an item.

5. What variable on Table 3 has the result F =6, p < 0.0001?
6. Symptom control
7. Symptom Management
8. Spiritual Need—Patient
9. Spiritual Need—Next-of-Kin

Answer:  Choose an item.

What does the result mean?

1. This F result means there is a significant difference among the three groups
2. This F result means there is no significant difference among the three groups

Answer:  Choose an item.

6. ANOVA was used for analysis by Mayland et al. (2014). Would t-tests have also been appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

1. It is appropriate.
2. It could be used. But with more than two groups, ANOVA is the preferred method over the t-test.

Answer:  Choose an item.

7. What type of post hoc analysis was performed? Is the post hoc analysis performed more or less conservative than the Scheffé test?
8. The Newman-Keuls test. It is more conservative.
9. The Newman-Keuls test. It is less conservative.
10. The Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test. It is more conservative.
11. The Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test. It is less conservative.

Answer:  Choose an item.

8. State the null hypothesis for care for the three study groups (see Table 2). Should the null hypothesis be accepted or rejected? Provide a rationale for your answer.

1. There is a difference in care among the three groups of hospice with LCP, hospital with LCP, and hospital without LCP for the next of kin for patients who had died of cancer.
2. There is no difference in care among the three groups of hospice with LCP, hospital with LCP, and hospital without LCP for the next of kin for patients who had died of cancer.

Answer:  Choose an item.

1. Accepted, because the p-value of the F test is < 0.05
2. Accepted, because the p-value of the F test is ≥ 0.05
3. Rejected, because the p-value of the F test is < 0.05
4. because the p-value of the F test is ≥ 0.05

Answer:  Choose an item.

9. What are the post hoc results for care? Which results are statistically significant? What do the results mean?

1. The result is statistically significant. There is a significant difference between at least two groups.
2. The result is not statistically significant. There is no significant difference between any two groups.

Answer:  Choose an item.

10. In your opinion, do the study findings presented in Tables 2 and 3 have implications for end of life care? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Enter your answer here and select the “Completed” choice in the dropdown menu. If more space is needed, please hit the Enter key from your computer.

Answer:   Choose an item.

Grading

Please do not add or delete a row or column for the following grading table. If you have a problem with the drop-down lists, then you can enter your answers in the second column.  If you use the drop-down lists, the instructor will update your answers in the table. Thanks