1. Explain the use of the following techniques in improving livestock production in
developing countries.

i) Artificial insemination (15 marks)

ii) Embryo transfer (15 marks)

2. Discuss the various types of mutations and highlight how they contribute to
evolution (30 marks)

3. a) Explain the three criteria that must be met for a successful mapping cross. (6 marks)

b) A cross between a female fruit-fly with yellow body color (y), white eyes (w) and hairy body (h) all of which are recessive is crossed with a wild-type male y+, w+ and h+ but heterozygous. After the cross, the following off-springs were obtained:-

y w h+ ———————————-
120

y+ w+ h ——————————–
180

y w+ h ———————————
10

y+ w+ h+ —————————–
3,250

y+ w h ——————————-

65

y w+ h+ ——————————

40

y w h ———————————

3,500

y+ w h+ ——————————

15
From the above information, construct a genetic map showing the order of
the genes and the distances between them. (12 marks)

c) Using an example in each case, explain:

Short lasting maternal effect (6 marks)

ii) Long lasting maternal effect (6 marks)

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