Associated with much of the thinking behind the learning organisation, a number of larger organisations have developed initiatives to encourage the labour force to return to the learning process that they may have last seen at school. Such schemes, often called ‘Gateways to Learning’, provide personal development and training of the employee’s choice outside of working hours and generally unrelated to the work the employee is carrying out. A fund is set up, either as a personal sum for each employee or a general fund to which the employee applies run jointly by the company and their unions or employee representatives. The training can include learning a language, a manual skill or simply a leisure pursuit (IRS, 1995). An example of the use of individual learning accounts is given in Case study 10.4.