1. a) Define the term gastrulation (1mk)
b) Name the three embryonic germ layers and give an example of one organ system that will develop from each.(6 mks)
2. Name the five levels of organization in the animal complexity. Give an explanation why the metazoan cell is not the equivalent of a protozoan cell.(7 mks each)
3. Discuss the following hypotheses.
a) Colonial hypothesis
b) Plasmodial hypothesis.(7 mks)
4. Name any three hallmarks shared by all chordates, and explain the function of each.(7 mks)
5. Briefly discuss the two kinds of cleavage recognized among different groups of animals.
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