1. A. List 6 characteristics of living things that distinguish them from non- living things
b. name the 4 major elements found in all living things.
2. a) discuss the osmotic challenges facing invertebrates living in the following environments and explain how they cope with the challenges:
i) fresh water
ii) sea water
b) explain how terrestrial invertebrates overcome the problem of excessive water loss.
3. a) explain why it advantageous for terrestrial invertebrates to excrete urea and uric acid instead of ammonia.
b) explain why the largest invertebrates are usually found in the sea instead of fresh water and terrestrial environments.
c) marine invertebrates lay their eggs in water and fertilization is external. Explain the factors that makes it possible.
4. a) mention 4 benefits of invertebrates to mankind.
b) define the following terms.
i) taxonomy
II) systematic
III) species
5 a) explain the difference between cyclical and mechanical transmission in trypanosomes
b) explain the difference in transmission between the salivarian and stercocarian trypanosomes
c. name he disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
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