QUESTION (20 Marks)
a). Explain the following network performance characteristics. (4 marks)
i. bandwidth
ii. throughput
iii. Latency
iv. jitters
b). One important issue in networking is the performance of the network and how good is. Calculate the following with regard to network performance:
i. A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000 frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the throughput of this network? (2 marks)
ii. What is the propagation time if the distance between the two points is 12,000 km? Assume the propagation speed to be 2.4 × 108 m/s in cable. (2 marks)
iii. What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5-kbyte message (an e-mail) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Gbps? Assume that the distance between the sender and the receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s. (2 marks)
iv. What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 5-Mbyte message (an image) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Mbps? Assume that the distance between the sender and the receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s. (2 marks)
c). Distinguish between amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).

QUESTION  (20 Marks)
a). Discus the following serial transmission modes:
i. Asynchronous transmission (3 marks)
ii. Synchronous transmission (3 marks)
iii. Isochronous transmission (3 marks)
b). Why Quadrature PSK (QPSK) is considered a better mechanism. (5 marks)
c). Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12 Mbps for QPSK. The value of d=0.
(2 marks)
d). Discus the concept of a constellation diagram. (4 marks)

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