1. Using an appropriate example, explain Mendel’s second principle of inheritance. (5 marks)

2. Differentiate co-dominance and incomplete dominance using appropriate
examples. (5 marks)

3. Using the ABO blood grouping system explain the effect of having more than two
alleles controlling a characteristic within a population. (5 marks)

4. Explain the following phenotypic ratios in the F2 generation of dihybrid
inheritance: (5 marks)

i) 9:3:3:1
ii) 3:6:3:1:2:1
iii) 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
iv) 12:3:1
v) 10:3:2:1

5. List down the five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg principle on populations. (5 marks)

6. Discuss the advantages of using of genetics in crop improvement. (5 marks)

7. Explain the effects of genetic drift in a population. (5 marks)

8. Explain the difference between genotypic and environmental variation. (5 marks)

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