1.a)Explain the various ways in which humans influence the nitrogen cycle(6marks)
b)With reference to the nitrogen cycle,briefly describe biological fixation(4marks)
c)Describe the principles of X-ray crystallography(5marks)
d)Describe carbon dating method(5marks)
e)Describe briefly the formation of sedimentary rocks (5marks)
2.a)What is mass spectrometry?(2marks)
b)Describe briefly each of the following stages in a mass spectrometer
i)Ionization (2marks)
ii)Deflection (2marks)
c)State and explain briefly the applications of mass spectrometry(9marks)
3.a)State and explain briefly the main processes in the sulphur cycle(8marks)
b)Explain briefly the human impact on the sulphur cycle (7marks)
4.a)Describe the general principles of atomic absorption spectrometry(7marks)
b)With reference to atomic absorption spectrometer ,state the stages in each of the following atomizers
i)Flame atomizers(4marks)
ii)Electrothermal atomizers (4marks)
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