Describe an experiment to test the following causal claims. Using the concepts we have been discussing, explain how the test is designed to answer the question.

a. Adding speed bumps to residential city streets reduces the number of accidents.

b. Adding mustard to a salad dressing makes the oil and vinegar stay blended longer.

c. The more a runner stretches before her long runs, the fewer injuries she gets.

d. High temperatures make ladybug populations decline.

e. Kneading bread dough for more than 10 minutes reduces the number of air holes in the finished loaf.

The following chart reports information collected by health inspectors after four people were sickened in a restaurant. Answer the following questions.

a. Was eating tomatoes a sufficient causal condition for becoming ill?

b. Was eating oysters a necessary causal condition for becoming ill?

c. What do we know for a fact about the causal relevance of potatoes and peanuts?