Although families of all kinds tend to rear their children in similar manners, there are differences. For example, families in poverty tend to value obedience, to issue commands, to be restrictive, and to use physical punishment with their children more than their affluent counterparts. Asian American parents typically exercise control over their children’s friendship choices and extracurricular activities, and retain this control through high school. Chinese American children are taught traditions that emphasize harmonious relations with others, loyalty and respect for elders, and subordination in hierarchical relationships, especially in father–son, husband–wife, and older brother–younger brother relationships. Japanese American children tend to be closely supervised by parents, who simultaneously teach them two different, but overlapping, sets of values: one rooted in Japanese culture, and another that helps them assimilate into mainstream American culture. Mexican American children, often reared across extensive kinship networks, are taught to value cooperation, family unity, and solidarity over competition and individual achievement. These generalities about child rearing by various groups serve to point out how general cultural values impinge on child-rearing values and practices. (See Demo and Cox 2000, 2001 for a general review of this research.)