A 45-year-old housewife has been drinking in secret for several years. She started with one or two small glasses of Irish cream per night to help her sleep, but, over time, her nightly intake has increased to four to five shots of hard liquor. Now she needs a few glasses of wine in the early afternoon to prevent shakiness and anxiety. During the past year, she could not take part in several important family events, including her son’s high school graduation, because she was too ill or she did not want to risk missing her nightly drinking. She is ashamed of her secret and has tried to limit her alcohol intake but without success. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

a. Alcohol abuse

b. Alcohol addiction

c. Addictive personality disorder

d. Alcohol dependence

e. Alcohol-induced mood disorder