1. Gordon argues that transitions between the stages of urban development were influenced by problems of class control in production. Why does Gordon argue that his “class control” argument is stronger than a technological explanation of urban growth and change?
2. Gordon claims that no pattern of urban development is “destined,” but spatial patterns are shaped by “endogenous political-economic forces.” What does he mean by that term? What are some examples of endogenous political-economic forces?
3. Explain Katz’s main point when he says (23): “By the early twenty-first century, economic, demographic, and spatial transformations had undercut all the existing definitions, and a variety of new urban metaphors competed to replace them. One set of metaphors looks inward toward central cities; another set looks outward to metropolitan areas; regions; and, indeed, the world. The two sets are not mutually exclusive. Sometimes the same writers use different metaphors to capture the increasingly fractured reality of “urban” or “city.” All of them, however, try to make sense of the patterns of inequality that grew out of the economic, demographic, and spatial transformation of American cities in the second half of the twentieth century.”
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