The nurse has admitted a 6-year-old child who has received a diagnosis of a seizure disorder and has frequent tonic-clonic seizures. Which of the following are characteristics of tonic-clonic seizures? Select all that apply.

a. The seizure activity might be preceded by a sight, sound, taste, or smell.

b. The seizure activity is usually limited to one side of the body.

c. The seizure activity involves a phase in which the muscles are rigid.

d. The seizure activity causes memory loss and staring.

e. The seizure activity involves a phase in which there are jerking muscle movements.

f. The seizure activity often is followed by a loss of control of bowel and bladder.