In a proposed pipeline a steady flow of water (K = 2100 ¥ 106N/m2 ) will exist at a velocity of 2.5m/s. The intention is to use 0.3m internal diameter PVC pipes (E = 26 ¥ 108N/m2 , wall thickness d = 20mm). (a) Calculate the wave celerity cP in the pipe assuming c = 1450m/s. (b) Calculate the additional surge head DH that will be experienced following an instantaneous valve closure. (c) If the maximum static head on the pipeline is 9m and the maximum working pressure of PVC pipes is 150m of water, determine whether or not PVC is suitable for this application. (d) If the pipeline is to be 100m long, draw the head–time graph at the valve.