- a) Calculate an appropriate measure of the frequency of drowning and near drowning in children aged 0-13 in the community (1 mark)
- b) How does the frequency of drowning vary by age? Calculate appropriate measures to quantify this variation and comment. (2 marks)
- c) Calculate an appropriate measure of the frequency of drowning in (2.5 marks):
(i) All pools
(ii) All in-ground pools
(iii) All above-ground pools
(iv) All unfenced pools
(v) All fenced pools
- d) What conclusions can you draw concerning the risk of drowning in (2.5 marks):
(i) In-ground pools compared to above-ground pools?
(ii) Unfenced compared to fenced pools?
- e) Ignoring the different types of pool, consider the potential for prevention of drowning by pool fencing (5 marks):
(i) What rate of drowning in unfenced pools can be attributed to the lack of fencing?
(ii) What proportion of drownings in unfenced pools could potentially have been prevented if the pools had been fenced? What is this measure called?
(iii) What rate of drowning overall (in all pools) can be attributed to the fact that some pools are unfenced?
(iv) What proportion of all drownings could potentially have been prevented if all pools were fenced? What do we call this measure?
(v) Which of these measures is/are most useful in terms of evaluating the potential health benefits of pool fencing in the community and why?
- f) Calculate the relative risk associated with absence of pool fencing separately for (3 marks):
(i) Above-ground pools
(ii) In-ground pools
Comment on your results.
- g) Calculate the potential for prevention of drowning if all pools were fenced separately for (3 marks):
(i) In-ground pools
(ii) Above-ground pools
Comment on your results.
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