. Indicate whether each of the following is an example of

action research.

a. A researcher is interested in examining the correlation

between high-stakes testing and grades. The test scores

and grades are from 2000–2003.

b. A teacher is interested in studying the effects of smallgroup counseling on her students’ self-esteem. Thirty

students participate as subjects. The Coopersmith SelfEsteem Inventory is given as a pretest and a posttest,

and interviews are used to follow up with students every

month.

c. Service learning is becoming very popular in both public schools and colleges and universities. However, relatively little is known about the perceptions of the

beneficiaries of the services. A study is prepared to

examine these perceptions using focus group interviews

and a questionnaire to ask participants about the characteristics of effective volunteers.

d. A principal is interested in knowing whether a new

procedure for aligning classroom assessments with graduation requirements will result in more students graduating.

e. To compare student achievement in the United States

with that of students in other countries, a professor

bought and used a CD containing three years of relevant data.