a. What is specification? Where does it fit into the software lifecycle? (4 Marks)
b. Let people be the set of all possible persons and subjects the set of all possible subjects. A specification
for a university has a state schema:
i. For the class university, specify an operation schema newStudent such that a person becomes a
student. (4 Marks)
ii. An operation schema StudentLeaves such that a person, not enrolled in any subject, ceases to be a
student. (4 Marks)
iii. An operation schema personSubjects which outputs the set of subjects in which the person is
enrolled. (4 Marks)
c. Distinguish between procedural abstraction and data abstraction as used in software design. (4 Marks)

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