After reading “Italy”! A short History, chapter four from page 96 to 119, answer the following questions:

1. Give a definition of the words “Humanism and Humanist”.
2. Explain the reasons why the scholarship was a monopoly of the church during the Middle Ages.Who were the two most important scholars of the first part of the Renaissance?
3. Who administered Florence during the last part of the 14thcentury and what were his responsibilities?
4. What is the main cultural aspect of Leonardo Bruni and what was his political line?
5. Why was the knowledge of Greek literature and philosophy largely accepted during the Renaissance?
6. Emmanuel Chrysoloras was one of the first Greek scholars to come to Italy. What were the reasons why the Greek scholars came to Italy?
7. Why is the “Donation of Constatine” considered a forgery by Lorenzo Valla? How did he arrive at that conclusion?
8. Pico della Mirandola in his “Oration” achieves the highest point in humanist philosophy. Explain why?